O PREDIZBORNIM KAMPANJAMA: VOĐE NARODA IZ PERSPEKTIVE EVOLUCIJSKE PSIHOLOGIJE

Uprkos trendu društvene kultivacije i globalnog imperativa urbanizacije, čini se da filogenetsko naslijeđe dobrim dijelom diktira naše: izbore, odluke, percepcije i ponašanja. U tribalnom (plemenskom) okruženju, socijalnu i ”političku” moć najčešće su imali najstariji i najiskusniji članovi klana. Ovdje nije bilo presudno samo njihovo iskustvo, mudrost i razboritost, već i sama činjenica da su mnogo puta učestvovali u borbi za zaštitu svoga plemena i pribavljanju prirodnih i društvenih resursa za vlastitu zajednicu. Gotovo uvijek su to bili snažni i hrabri muškarci, koji su lojalno poštivali religijska i ostala socijalna pravila matičnog plemena.

Savremena istraživanja otkrivaju sklonost ljudi da za svoje nacionalne vođe biraju visoke, snažne muškarce, koji su, pored toga (posredno ili neposredno), učestvovali u ratnim dešavanjima. Dodatno, imamo tendenciju birati ljude koji poštuju tradicionalne (npr. porodične) vrijednosti, te javno zagovaraju principe vlastite religijske skupine. Njihovo učešće u ratnim događanjima (podsvjesno) se shvata kao dokaz njihovih sposobnosti, snage i moralne nepokolebljivosti, te kao sklonost da zaštite narod i obezbijede mu odgovarajuće uslove za nesmetan i siguran život.

Takođe, postoji preferencija kandidata koji su domicilno stanovništvo, jer se oni percipiraju poput sebi sličnih. A čim je neko sličan nama, smatramo da je manje opasan, tj. bezazlen i da ima slične potrebe i ciljeve našima. Ovaj efekat poznatosti djeluje čak i kada svjesno ispoljavamo animozitet prema vlastitim političarima ili političkim kandidatima. Njegova potvrda leži u činjenici da bismo prije izabrali sumnjivog kandidata naše vjere i nacije, nego isto toliko opskurnog kandidata druge vjere ili narodnosti.

Evolucijska i socijalna psihologija nas uče i tome da, što se više identifikujemo sa svojom interesnom (nacionalnom, vjerskom, političkom) grupom, to imamo jaču tendenciju da odaberemo kandidata koji je njen tipični predstavnik (pa i pod cijenu da nas to dovede do opšte stagnacije ili nazadovanja).

Veće šanse (npr. prilikom izbora budućih parlamentaraca) imaju bogatiji i inteligentniji kandidati, zato što posjeduju materijalne i psihološke resurse koji su, evoluciono gledano, veoma poželjne karakteristike. Ove kvalitete podrazumijevaju veće šanse za preživljavanje i napredak (ili očuvanje) u kontekstu društvene hijerarhije. Nesvjesni toga, obično se težimo prikloniti ovakvim ljudima, jer (opet podsvjesno) očekujemo da su naše šanse za socijalnu mobilnost (prelazak iz jedne socijalne klase u drugu, u ovom slučaju, višu) veće.

Posljednja (ali ne i najmanje bitna) stavka koja utiče na našu odluku za koga bismo glasali je fizička privlačnost. Iz perspektive teorije evolucije (u društvenom kontekstu, sociobiologije), privlačnija osoba posjeduje fizičke, fenotipske, odnosno vidljive resurse koji je predisponiraju za lakši i efikasniji prenos svojih gena. Dakle, kada na plakatima ugledamo nekoliko lica kandidata, najviše pažnje ćemo posvetiti onom koje percipiramo kao najljepše i najprivlačnije. Ako tome dodamo poseban stil oblačenja koji upućuje na visok status,prestiž, ozbiljnost i odgovornost (npr. odijelo), u našoj glavi će se ”stvoriti” izrazito pozitivna predstava o datoj osobi. Kasnije, u skladu sa već formiranom predodžbom, selektivno ćemo posvećivati vrijeme javnim nastupima ovog kandidata, a njegove postupke ćemo tumačiti shodno prvom utisku o njemu.

Rezimirajući, evoluciona psihologija predviđa najveći uspjeh muškim kandidatima, koji su uz to: fizički privlačni, obrazovani, inteligentni i bogati. Takođe, njihova medijska i svaka druga reputacija će rasti kako budu sve više isticali svoju ulogu u proteklom ratu, te potcrtavali religijsku pripadnost i odanost tradicionalnim vrijednostima našeg podneblja. 

Selman Repišti

The Up-to-Date Mutation

Nedim belongs to the small group of those who have enough courage to open up about main issues in their society. Under the Communist regime, intellectuals who at the same time were dissidents were banned and their works did not pass the censorship process. If a poem, story, or a newspaper article included some elements (even if they were given between lines) of negative critics towards the political acme, it has been categorized as the kitsch.

Nowadays, intellectuals in Nedim’s country are ignored by the political authorities. The people became less educated and they cannot make a difference between the real and the commercialized pieces of art, or literature anymore. Hence, they are not able to figure out the in-depth meaning of revolting articles that invite people to make some changes of their everyday, social reality. Thus, political bosses just put these kinds of articles aside and keep on tailoring the everyday life of the oppressed nations.

Our main character is unemployed. In fact, he likes to say that he is blissfully jobless. He regularly publishes his short articles and, as expected, nobody gives a single comment on them. Nevertheless, he is happy because he is allowed to write what he wants, without any consequences.

Nedim is such kind of person that does a lot of apologizing to his friends, acquaintances as well as to all of those who are part of his microcosmic world. It appears that he usually is not guilty and he did not do something wrong, however, he wants to apologize for some tiny, irrelevant things. He thinks that to be sorry for something is one of the signs of politeness. Another is the gratitude. Nedim wants to express his gratitude to all those who do him any favor. Or, if they turn his asking for a favor down, he says ‘thanks’ to them because they provided him with their refusal. In one of his articles, our protagonist divided people into four categories, based on the combination of apologizing and gratitude patterns in their behavior.

The first group comprises those who have a habit of apologizing for something, but not of gratitude. Those people use to apologize because they have low levels of self-esteem and are prone to depression. Furthermore, they have no energy and vigor to express gratitude because they are passive, introverted, and reserved.

The second category includes those who want to express gratitude to someone, but do not want to apologize for their behavior or words. The are, in fact, those who are self-confident and think of themselves as infallible. Their act of thankfulness is nothing else but their strategy of manipulating with others.

The third one encompasses people who are neither grateful nor familiar with apologizing. They are iron-handed, antisocial, cruel, and ruthless persons who are usually considered as political leaders.

The last category is a sort of a shelter for those who are pushed to the margins of society. They always feel guilty of something, despite the fact that they should be ashamed of nothing. To remind you, Nedim is a proud member of this group of his compatriots. This is because he feels that he has not done sufficient things and activities to help his fellows. Sometimes, he thinks about committing suicide. However, he always gives up because he realizes that he can be more useful for the humankind alive rather than deceased.

Accordingly, he wants to put more effort into social activism. So he collected some of the brightest eggheads of his country and made a circle called ‘A prosocial laboratory’. The prime mission of this informal association was enhancing awareness of contemporary issues and making solutions that can improve community a whole.

As time passed by, the political and criminal underground impact on the media decreased and the respect for human rights was rocketed. This small circle became an influential political party. Unfortunately, this was a calm before the storm. Government leaders were working on a plot to overthrow ‘A prosocial laboratory’. One day, their headquarters were set on fire. There was only one of the newspapers where a front-page headline was dedicated to this revolutionary group. Later, this newspaper was prohibited by the political authorities.

The third era has come. The intellectuals are neither prohibited nor ignored. Actually, the government lets them live in such a delusion that they can change the world. After they stick to this belief for a particular period of time, the oligarchic leaders knock them down cold-bloodedly. If Nedim was alive, he would call it ‘the return to the Communist regime with the aroma of the Capitalist hypocrisy’. This is like a virus which mutated and became more dangerous for all humankind.

Selman Repišti